Can adult models for CBT be used with children & adolescents with PTSD Essay

Can adult models for CBT be used with children & adolescents with PTSD a critical evaluation - Essay Example A child’s response to a given trauma may vary according to the age, nature, duration and type of stressor, gender or any other previous history of exposure. Children have the capacity to link the traumatic event with any other event with similar features. This capacity leads to the psychological, emotional and behavioral symptoms that develop after a traumatic event (Perry and Pollard, 1998). Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a clinical syndrome that is usually developed after experiencing an extreme traumatic stress (DSM IV). Following is the criteria for the diagnosis of PTSD in children. A child is said to have Acute Stress Disorder (DSM IV) when the above criteria is met during the month after the traumatic experience. Further characterization of PTSD shows a child in acute stage when the symptoms develop in less than three months, Chronic in more than three months and Delayed Onset when initial symptoms develop six months or more after the traumatic event (Perry, 1999). The diagnosis of PTSD in very young children is difficult due to the inability of the children to report the traumatic event and symptoms (Scheeringa et al. 1995). Lifetime incidence of PTSD ranges from 3-14 % (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 1994). Various studies have been carried out to examine the prevalence of PTSD in adolescents. The studies showed that 3% of females and 1% of males met the DSM IV criteria of PTSD (Cuffe et al. 1998). Greater female adolescent population met the criteria for PTSD than males. Higher prevalence rates for PTSD were reported among children who have been exposed to traumatic events and was even were higher in high-risk groups. 35% of the adolescents diagnosed with cancer met the criteria for lifetime PTSD (Pfefferbaum, 1997). 15% of young cancer patients had moderate to severe PTSS (Stuber et al. 1997); 93% of children exposed to domestic violence had PTSS (Kilpatrick, Williams, 1998); 80% of Kuwaiti youth exposed to the

Non Profit Taxes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Non Profit Taxes - Essay Example Non-profit organizations do not operate to bring about profit, a characteristic widely deemed to be the crucial aspect of such organizations. Still, a non-profit organization can accept, hold and pay out money and other items of value. Non-profit organizations may also legally and morally trade at a profit. The degree to which it can produce income may be constrained, and the use of those profits is doubtless restricted. Therefore, nonprofits are characteristically funded by donations from the public or private sector, and generally have tax exempt status. Private donations are sometimes tax deductible. In several countries, non-profit organizations may apply for tax exempt status. This allows financial donors to claim back any income tax paid on donations and, furthermore, the organization itself can be exempt from income tax. In the United States, Tacoma Washington included, following a recognized legal entity that has been created at the state level, it is traditional for the non-profit organizations to ask for tax exempt status with respect to income tax. That is achieved by applying to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). The IRS reviews the application to ensure the purpose of the organization. If certain conditions are met then the organization is given the status of a tax exempt organization (example: a charity).

Warranting Theory in Actio Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Warranting Theory in Actio - Assignment Example This information found in social sites. Other people who know you better send comments and statements describing you which you can not change. These cues make communication understandable and enhance the creation of relationships among people. They are normally positive and one can clearly know and believe the content (Potter, 2007). It includes use of positive cues and sentences must be complete to enhance clarity. In my aunt’s face book profile for instance, her close friend commented that she is pretty. This has instances of less or no non verbal cues, incomplete use of sentences and words, spelling errors and improper English or language. One barely understands what the other person means because the communication becomes unclear, more manipulated and less believable. The processing of information becomes somehow or totally impaired (Potter, 2007).My aunt for instance send me this comment in my face book account, ‘I love reading.’ Reading is a hobby which she attributes it to self and I know she is not a passion of it. This information is therefore untrue. The first student described his profile to have low warrant which is not true. He sent a picture of my three friends and me in an Oregon Ducks game. The picture portrays us being in sports and funs of the Oregon Duck which does not apply to all of us. The warrant in this case is a high one (Potter, 2007). This shown by posting his personal information including his name, school information, his birthday and where he came from (Potter, 2007). However the information about his schooling and where he comes from is untrue. The warrant identified by this student makes sense. The similarities between his warrant and the one I discussed above is that of unreal information which can easily be manipulated. The second student posses a high warrant. He posted his profile, birthday, place of birth and the school where he

ECON ASSIGN 1 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ECON ASSIGN 1 - Assignment Example With the nation experiencing a recession and government over spending its annual allocations, the only choice that was left for survival was borrowing. The plan was effective in enabling the nation get through the recession. Another advantage of deficit spending is the fact that a nation or household is enabled to invest loan money and also benefit from the profits made from borrowing. In an argument by Baumol (2005) deficit spending allows a nation to create investment opportunities that are not included in the budget. The author further points out that the investment has potential of repaying its debt and creating a surplus. Baumol (2005) points out that deficit spending put future generations in debt that they did not benefit from. Large deficits spent may take years for them to be repaid. For years, the borrowed money may be used for investment which the current government may use the profits for other financial purposes. For this reason, the debts may be recurring for generation to generation. Deficit spending may also minimize the level o loan allocation for private organizations. Seater (2008) points out that, large borrowing from the government may reduce the rate at which investors and financial institutions offer the same services to private business entities. The crowding effect refers to the creation of financial and other resources deficits after over utilization by the government. Seater (2008) crowding out enables the government to be the only market determinant as private organizations does not have je opportunity to access financial and other resources. However, crowding out effect may also create investment opportunities in the market. The jap created by large borrowings provide an opportunity by wealthy private investor to capitalize on the situation. In analyzing the pros and cons of deficit spending, it is an

Warranting Theory in Actio Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Warranting Theory in Actio - Assignment Example This information found in social sites. Other people who know you better send comments and statements describing you which you can not change. These cues make communication understandable and enhance the creation of relationships among people. They are normally positive and one can clearly know and believe the content (Potter, 2007). It includes use of positive cues and sentences must be complete to enhance clarity. In my aunt’s face book profile for instance, her close friend commented that she is pretty. This has instances of less or no non verbal cues, incomplete use of sentences and words, spelling errors and improper English or language. One barely understands what the other person means because the communication becomes unclear, more manipulated and less believable. The processing of information becomes somehow or totally impaired (Potter, 2007).My aunt for instance send me this comment in my face book account, ‘I love reading.’ Reading is a hobby which she attributes it to self and I know she is not a passion of it. This information is therefore untrue. The first student described his profile to have low warrant which is not true. He sent a picture of my three friends and me in an Oregon Ducks game. The picture portrays us being in sports and funs of the Oregon Duck which does not apply to all of us. The warrant in this case is a high one (Potter, 2007). This shown by posting his personal information including his name, school information, his birthday and where he came from (Potter, 2007). However the information about his schooling and where he comes from is untrue. The warrant identified by this student makes sense. The similarities between his warrant and the one I discussed above is that of unreal information which can easily be manipulated. The second student posses a high warrant. He posted his profile, birthday, place of birth and the school where he

Representation of Urban Culture in the Literary Works of Anzia Essay

Representation of Urban Culture in the Literary Works of Anzia Yezierska and Carl Sandburg - Essay Example In her fifty-year writing career, the major theme of organizing throughout her mechanism is the cost of acculturation and incorporation among refugees. Her stories offer nearby into the meaning of emancipation for refugees' mainly Jewish immigrant women. Many of her works of narrative can be branded semi autobiographical. In her writing, she illustrates a lot on her personal life as a migrant in New York's Lower East Side. Her works, therefore, trait elements of realism with serious notice to aspect and skilful utilization of Yiddish-English dialect. At the same time, sentimentalism and extremely romanticized typescript have encouraged some detractors to label her works as romantic. In All I Could Never Be and Red Ribbon on a White Horse, Yezierska figured out their love as an ideal amalgamation of two cultures that verifies disillusioning. This story of the Gentile tutor and suitor happened to an example that persisted throughout her works, as Yezierska inspected the alteration of imaginative migration women from greenhorns to Americans. The achievements of Anzia Yezierska early short stories led to a succinct, but noteworthy, relationship between the novelist and Hollywood. Movie maker Samuel Goldwyn acquired the rights to Yezierska's collection Hungry Hearts. The film was shot on site at New York's Lower East Side. ... In 2006, an original attain was collected to escort the film. Yezierska 1923 novel, Salome of the Tenements" was too shaped as a still picture. Although Yezierska own semi-autobiographical occupation had donated to this rags-to-riches picture, she found herself scratchy with person touted as a case of the American Dream. Irritated by the triviality of Hollywood and by her possess estrangement from her extraction, Yezierska arrived to New York in the mid-1920s and sustained publishing novels and stories. Carl Sandburg He was an American poet, historian, and author. He was born in Galesburg his parents were Swedish. He lived in the Midwest, primarily Chicago, in Flat Rock, North Carolina. He lived there with his wife and children's until his death that was in 1967. To a great extent of Sandburg's poetry fixed on Chicago, and he was a foremost figure in the group of writers belonging to this city who shaped the fictional association called the Chicago Renaissance. His well-known portrayal of the city is as Hog Butcher intended for the World/Tool Maker, Stacker of Wheat/Player among Railroads and the Nation's Freight Handler, /Stormy, Husky, Brawling, and City of the Big Shoulders. In 1916 Sandburg had his first real experience of sensation as a poet with the publication of his first openly applauded volume, Chicago Poems, of which the title poem, "Chicago," fascinated popular attention In the poem, he portray the city as "stormy, husky, brawling a curved brutal place. He portrayed the people of the city with a cruel realism: prostitutes, gangsters, browbeaten factory labours and their families ravenous on low wages. Sandburg's Chicago, though, for all its unevenness and brutality was alive brawny cunning.

Becoming an Assertive Nurse | Reflection

Becoming an Assertive Nurse | Reflection Lorna Bennett The Assertive Nursing Student In this reflection paper, I will relate my experience of an incident that helped me to be more assertive, compassionate, and confident in my skills. I will be using the Gibbs model of reflection to write this paper. Gibbs model (1988) refers to the key processes within reflection itself, rather than as reflection as a process within general learning. The cyclical model, or more accurately a functional framework for reflective study, assumes repetitive experiential contexts and is split into six key areas. These areas are event description, feeling, and thoughts; evaluation, analysis; conclusion and action plan (Gibbs, 1988) Event Description In my second clinical placement, I was working in a general medicine unit of Grey Nuns Hospital. I was assigned to care for Karl (pseudonym). Karl was a delightful 82-year-old male, admitted with AECOPD (Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease). Karl’s eldest daughter, Lisa (pseudonym) had dedicate her life to perform the duties of the primary caregiver and is an active participant with medical care and planning his daily needs. Both Karl and Lisa had no hesitation in welcoming me as a student to participate in Karl’s care. During my head to toe assessment, Lisa was constantly commenting on what she thinks was the â€Å"best way† to perform nursing tasks for Karl. That left me feeling bullied and distraught, as Lisa was always questioning my head to toe assessment and nursing care. She did not allow me to perform my assessment and nursing care because she was always intervening by directing negative comments about my skill and offered clues on how it should be performed instead. I tried to explain to her my role and the importance of the head to toe assessment, but she kept telling me an expert such as a Doctor or Registered Nurse and not a Student Nurse in his second year should do the assessment. This feeling of inadequacy arose partly because of Lisa’s strong assertion of being the patient’s daughter and sole primary care giver. Feeling and Thoughts Nurses are responsible for providing safe, competent, and ethical nursing care to patients, when conflict arises between families and nurses; building trust through relational practice approach becomes difficult in developing the nurse-patient relationship. I found it difficult to provide care as my beliefs and values were tested, I felt as if I did not belong in that situation and that nursing was not the profession for me. Mitchell (2001) suggests that nurses need to examine their own moral development and the theories that guide their practice. She further explains that when nurses choose theories that enhance their ethical practice, â€Å"the confidence that comes from that choosing will help nurses have the courage to act according to the realities that each person and family brings to the situation† (p. 113). I told my buddy nurse about Lisa’s assertive and demanding behavior. My buddy nurse also talked to Lisa about my concerns and told her that I should be treated with respect just as everyone in the health team and that I was of great help to Karl. I also spoke to my instructor on what had transpired during my first meeting with the patient, and how Lisa made me feel as though I lack self-confidence in my skill level. She suggested that we speak to Lisa about it together. My instructor talked to Lisa quietly in Karl’s room, and asked her why she was so uncomfortable with me doing the assessment and providing care for her dad. Lisa looked quite upset, she said she feels that a second year nursing student should not conduct such an assessment, as we are not experienced to identify certain health issues. My instructor discussed the importance of the head to toe assessment with her, and told her I was competent to perform the assessment, as I was educated in school to do so. I also strived to incorporate a holistic approach to the patient, in which the health care team, family, and the patient can benefit from the best nursing care possible. However, for once in my nursing career, I felt as though my practice was not safe, competent and welcomed. Evaluations. The incident was extremely challenging for me. I thought that I should have acted on my critical thinking skills earlier. However, I am pleased that Lisa had partially agreed with me to perform the skills. This incident has taught me the importance of acting assertively and not to be bullied into one’s beliefs and values and to focus more on the patient’s concerns. On reflection, I realized that I was practicing from the stance of my nursing skills, while at the same time concentrating on not making mistakes; I strayed from my relational connection with Karl and Lisa. Though I tried my best to create a rapport with Lisa, I find it challenging to pursue as she was focused on her beliefs and values rather than the care myself and the health team are providing. She commented negatively on every aspect of nursing care performed by myself. I realize that her negativity stems from her lack of knowledge of medical terms, AECOPD, and the rationale on why care is being provided. Valentine (1995) states, â€Å"This disappointment and vulnerability can be particularly severe when bullying is involved, and the victims of bullying need high levels of assertiveness to allow them to resist the associated stress. Hence, in general nurses use conciliation and escape as methods of coping with bullying and conflicts (p. 145). Analysis During that week of practicum, I felt that I became more confident in my assessment. However, when I was confronted during my first head to assessment with Lisa, I was unable to provide a clear rationale on why I was performing my assessment the way it was, despite being competent in my skills. This affected my confidence because I was focused on doing my assessment correctly and lacked assertiveness when it mattered. Lisa was consistently critical of my head to toe assessment. I had sought out both my buddy nurse and instructor to confirm that my skill level was acceptable. I realized that lack of confidence was not skill related, but my inability to communicate the evidence-based reason to perform my assesment skill under constant pressure from Lisa. That placed me into a position where I looked like I was incompetent to perform my head to toes and other nursing care. Conclusion During, this ordeal, I was able to reflect on my practice, identify my weakness in confidence, and be proactive to seek out assistance from my buddy nurse and instructor in allowing me to develop my skill level as a student. I was also able to be more assertive when confronting Lisa. Assertiveness is a means, which can be used to work against bullying, improve stressful situations, and enhance empowerment (Fulton, 1997). Through a collaborative effort with my buddy nurse and instructor, I was able to clarify that my assertiveness, not my assessment skill level or knowledge base was not the reason rather my inability to effectively communicate when put under pressure, which in turn led to a lack of confidence in my skill and knowledge. Action Plan I recognize that assertiveness is an important aspect of nursing practice and has a huge impact on ensuring the well-being of the patient is maintained. It is evident that my lack of confidence in my own ability when pressured by Lisa contributed to my feelings of being bullied and incompetentence. I have learned to be more assertive after that incident by implementing critical thinking and effective communication. That experience has made me more assertive when interacting with staff, patients, and families in this current rotation in Nurs 277. References Fulton, Y., 1997. Nurses’ views on empowerment: a critical social theory perspective. Journal of Advanced Nursing 26 (3), 529–536. Gibbs, G. (1988) Learning by doing: A guide to teaching and learning methods. Oxford Further Education Unit, Oxford. Mitchell, G. J. (2001). Struggling in change: From the traditional approach to Parse’s theory- based practice. Nursing Science Quarterly, 3 (4), 110-116. Valentine, P.E., 1995. Management of conflict: do nurses/women handle it differently? Journal of Advanced Nursing 22 (1), 142–149.